How Literature moulded me?

How Literature moulded me?

Literature is a deep ocean and an individual has to engulf some drops of the oceans if he/she jumps into the field of literature. As R.J Rees comments about literature that 

 

“Literature is writing which expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings and attitudes towards life”

Here, I am going to convey my viewpoints about literature. When I selected literature at that time I was not knowing anything about literature or I was not able to define even literature or I was not aware about its limitlessness but I was only knowing its spelling. When I was in the first year I was very much confused that I was not able to understand what my Professors were telling or what they were discussing as they were speaking in English. I tried to read All My Sons the play by Arthur Miller but it was very difficult for me to understand an American play as there was not a single text of Indian writing in English which we had in our syllabus of the first year. During my graduation Othello was my one of the favourite texts and I tried to read it one to make the story clear but those very tough and heap of words were hammering on my mind and the story of the play became clear after watching the movie as it was available on line. Another novel The namesake of which I made attempts to read but it  was too much lengthy and complex so I was not able to understand the summary of the book but later on the story became clear in my mind when I saw the movie. Moreover whichever stories or books I studied and I read because of getting good marks or to get passed but I haven’t concentrated what R J Rees says in his book that a person reads literature to make herself/himself cultivated, to be better human beings or just for the sake of  getting an entertainment. But after having been there in the deep whirl of the ocean of literature, I came to know that what R J Rees says about literature proves absolutely right as I became cognizant and conscious about various theories, concepts and different perspectives in my post-graduation.

When I studied Hamlet I thought that it would be the same book as Othello but when Barad sir taught the book in the classroom then i became aware that one play contains so many angles or theories which a student is supposed to apply on a single textbook. Various books of literature made me a person of different and rational thinker as Hamlet taught me not to make delay while making decision when thinking goes on. Dr. Faustus also taught me how a person suffers if he is in wanting of excessive knowledge. The purpose taught me to think about marginalization of the Character of Eklavya in Mahabharata. One Night @ the call Center taught me to be confident not to worry about miseries of life as everybody has. Frankenstein taught me about horror scientific fiction. Hence, I became aware about vastness of literature when I was having my post-graduation. Literature is not just a word but it is like torch-bearer. Ultimately, it has made me better, utilitarian, critical, rational, modest and free thinker.

The Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes

The Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes

              The Sense of an Ending is a novella by British author Julian Barnes. This novel was released on 4th August 2011 in the United Kingdom. This novel won MAN BOOKER PRIZE AWARD on 18 October 2011. The story based on four friends Tony Webster (Narrator), Colin, Alex and Adrian. And life of Tony Webster.

             Blood money is also the important part of the novel. We can say that blood money here means the money earned by killing the innocent people. ‘Blood Money’ suggests veronica mother given 500 pounds to Tony. It was the money that Sarah gave it to Tony there is something hidden intention was there. Veronica’s point of view that she may be thinks that her Mother Sarah is responsible for Adrian’s suicide as he might have felt guilty for his seen of having relation with his own girlfriend's mother and made her Pregnant. So we can say that Veronica thinks that Sarah and Tony both are responsible for Adrian’s suicide.

Q)  How do you decipher the equation: b = s – v x/+ a1 or a2 + v + a1 X s = b?

• b = s – v x/+ a1

b = Baby  

s = Sarah Ford

v = Veronica

a 1= Adrian

         Sarah reducing her relation with Veronica, her daughter and making fruit full or happy with Adrian but out of this deform bay produce.

•  a2 + v + a1 X s = b?

a2= Tony (Anthony)

v= Veronica

a 1 = Adrian

s= Sarah Ford

b= Baby

         Antony had relation with Veronica but letter break up and Adrian’s date started with Veronica. Adrian went to Sarah, Veronica’s mother who gave just a small piece, baby.

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by  Robert Louis Stevenson

        

        "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" is a novella written by  Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson's best-selling works. This book is one of the most gripping and fascinating book. 

        

         This is a very well written book, with descriptive and powerful language. The characters and their feelings are described beautifully, for example, Mr. Utterson "spent his words as rarely as gold". There are two main ideas in the story. Firstly, the battle of good versus evil. 

              We see this in the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and how he struggles to keep balance between both sides of himself. Secondly, it is about taking science too far and if we can control scientific research.

Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown

Da Vinci Code

               Dan Brown was American author of thriller fiction. Who is the best known for the 2003 bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code.  Brown’s novel features the recurring themes of cryptography, Keys, Symbols, codes, and conspiracy theories. The Da Vinci code connects with Jesus ‘relationship with Mary Magdalene and fathered her child. According to the book it is Mary Magdalene who is the Holy Grail and whom Da Vinci painted in his work the Last Supper. In 2006 Director   Ron Howard made a film on Da Vinci Code.

1)

           According to Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code is not Anti-religion or Anti-Christian book. But here in this novel Brown put all things which include as conspiracy Christian fiction. It is about Christianity of revealing the contrarian truth or not may be truth that Jesus Christ was not virgin and he had child also, He revealed this thing not based on myth or interpretation but he has also some strong evidence. He includes a historical thing that is battle between Opus Dei and Priory of Sion over the possibility of Jesus having been married to Mary Magdalene. Dan Brown uses history of Christianity to forward the story of the novel. This book The Da Vinci Code is simply an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate that he imagined one story that made only for entertainment.

2)

                The protagonist of a story is the main character who traditionally undergoes some sort of change. In the novel we can see that Sophie and Langdon are both the protagonists of the plot. They work together to uncover the clues about the Grail and Sophie’s family. The antagonist of the novel is Leigh Teabing or the Teacher. Robert Langdon is a professor of symbology and a writer of several books. If we do an Atheist reading than Leigh Teabing can be consider as a protagonist. As he is interested in studying history of Christianity, because his character deals an idea which is also center of the novel.

             Robert Langdon is a follower of Christianity when at the end Langdon uncover the mystery behind the Mary Magdalene and the Holy Grail also called Sangreal. We can say that Langdon is a hero or traditional protagonist. If we can see Atheist reading point of view Sir Leigh Teabing become hero.

3)

               Narration of studied Paradise Lost and The Da Vinci Code, In Paradise Lost Milton wrote on Eve and Adam. Eve is responsible for fall of Adam. Paradise Lost tries to show rationally with given Eve some space. But it also decline women. We can say about ‘The Da Vinci Code’ breaks human faith with showing history of Christianity. Here Brown’s novel Da Vinci Code has all historical issues and reference strong evidence. Mary Magdalene’s role in the Bible is very short but her role in ‘ The  Da Vinci Code’ is rather long and important one. Brown is trying to prove that Mary Magdalene was the favorite of all the Disciples of Christ.

               So we can say that Dan Brown’s conception of the ancient world and transition to the modern has been shifted towards gender.

Comparison between The Swamp Dwellers and Waiting for Godot

Comparison between The Swamp Dwellers and Waiting for Godot.

• Urban and rural life in Swamp Dwellers
• The play open and end in this hut.
• Unity of Time and Action is also Followed Waiting for Godot evening time, country road, a tree.
• Unity of Time, Place  action is not followed.

Hopelessness

• The play revolves around Vladimir and Estragon and their pitiful wait for hope to arrive.

• 
  
• They are waiting without hope for a deliverance from a being in whom they do not really believe.
• For Acheson, Waiting for Godot is an invective against Christian hope since the modern man, like Didi and Gogo wait endlessly for Godot who does not come.
• The similarity in terms of setting, characterization, and themes among all others are quite evident in the two plays.
• 
  
•  The central issue in both plays is on the question of salvation.
• 
  
• The play end in sadness as the lure of the city and the betrayal of traditional virtues rob the aged Alu and Makuri of their two sons.
• 
  
• There is not physical death of any character but there are several death metaphorical deaths.
• 
  
• The Swamp Dwellers articulates a sense of the disorder of human life.

Harry Potter

Harry Potter

• Speculative fiction

               Speculative fiction deals with science fiction, fantasy and horror, typically feature fictional beings, such as mythical creatures and supernatural, and technologies that do not exist in real life. Fantasy these Includes elements of human cultural imagination, such as mythical creatures’ magic and magical elements, witchcraft etc for example movie The Lord of the Rings. Speculative fiction is any fiction in which the “laws” of that world are different than ours.

      The use "speculative fiction" in the sense of express traditional to establishment science fiction in new way. In Harry Porter ….Magic itself prominent example of it. The kind of world is imagined is example of it. For example wand, invisible cloak etc.

Centers on superhero means a hero with extraordinary abilities or power and their fight against evil forces such as super villains

• Children’s Literature and Harry Potter

                   As a mystery story, the plotting of the novel is highly skilful. Rowling maintains a perfect balance between providing clues for her readers and maintaining the secret of the novel. In novel wit, humour, and imagination are unrivalled in children’s literature. When Harry’s Uncle Vernon reminds Harry that there is no post on Sunday, something came than down the kitchen chimney as he spoke, and caught him sharply on the back of the head. Next moment, thirty or forty letters came, some more we can deals with Children literature like,

•          Simple narration
•         Action
•         Adventures
•          Magical elements
•         Characters (Three friends Harry, Ron and Hermione. Strange Creatures Dobby etc..)
•          Good v/s Evil
•         J. K. Rowling’s create “New World” of imagination school Howard etc

It is children’s literature but it is not only so.

•          Feminist reading
•          Master Race
•          The discourse of Power and Politics
•        Speculative literature

These are the points its show that this novel is not a Children Literature it is about adult literature  

• Feminist reading of Harmione’s character in Harry Potter

          Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women.

           Hermione is that character that is smart, and she is able to figure out most of the secrets that no one else can. Her knowledge and brains save her and her friends throughout the series multiple times

         Hermione is the perfect example when examining the feminist principles in the novels. Throughout the series she has many strengths and weaknesses, but she is mostly criticized about her weaknesses as a character.

       Hermione Granger is a good example of the many parts a character might represent because she is a friend and a student, and she is portrayed in many different lights throughout the Novels.

•          As an ability to take quick decision as an ability to take quick decision
•          Thinker of plans
•          Intelligent that Harry and Ron
•          Power to take quick decision
•          Fight
•          Clever

Moby Dick by Herman Melville

 Moby Dick by Herman Melville 

        Moby-Dick, written in 1851, recounts the adventures of the narrator Ishmael as he sails on the whaling ship Pequod under the command of Captain Ahab.

Ishmael believes he has signed onto a routine commission aboard a normal whaling vessel, but he soon learns that Captain Ahab is not guiding the Pequod in the simple pursuit of commerce but is seeking one specific whale, Moby-Dick, a great while whale infamous for his giant size and his ability to destroy the whalers that seek him. Captain Ahab's wooden leg is the result of his first encounter with the whale, when he lost both leg and ship. After the ship sails it becomes clear that Captain Ahab is bent on revenge and he intends to get Moby-Dick.

Ahab demonstrates erratic behavior from the very beginning and his eccentricities magnify as the voyage progresses. As the novel draws to a conclusion, the Pequod encounters the whaling ship Rachel. The Rachel's captain asks Ahab to help him in a search and rescue effort for his whaling-crew that went missing the day before -- and the captain's son is among the missing. But when Ahab learns that the crew disappeared while tangling with Moby-Dick he refuses the call to aid in the rescue so that he may hunt Moby-Dick instead.

The encounter with Moby-Dick brings a tragic end to the affair. Ishmael alone survives, using his friend Queequeg's coffin as a flotation device until he is ironically rescued by the Rachel which has continued to search for its missing crew.

Readers, teachers and students should also take note of a peculiar historical curiosity. After enjoying some success in the 1840s, the publication of Moby-Dick marked Melville's decline as a popular writer. He was unable to support himself as a writer and accepted a job at the New York Customs House. He continued to write, even as he faded into obscurity, turning to poetry in his later years. He published his poems but they were ignored and went unread. Like his novel about the great white whale, his poems are also esteemed by modern critics and scholars.

Moby-Dick’s explosion of narrative conventions was so revolutionary in its time that it perplexed Melville’s contemporaries and passed quickly into obscurity.

Ishmael turns out to be less a character than a conduit for other voices and perspectives. This is either a daring experiment in omniscient first-person narration, or a sign that Ishmael is utterly unreliable.

The whales in this novel are silent: Melville did not know about whale-song, and in any case sperm whales do not sing, though the music of the prose conveys a sense of their awesome vitality.

All My Sons by Arthur Miller

 All My Sons by Arthur Miller

 

              All My Sons, Arthur Miller's first commercially successful play, opened at the Coronet Theatre in New York on January 29, 1947. It ran for 328 performances and garnered important critical acclaim for the dramatist, winning the prestigious New York Drama Critics' Circle Award.

              Miller's earlier play, The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944), had not done well and had quickly closed; therefore, at the time All My Sons opened, Miller's reputation as a writer was based almost solely on Focus (1945), his lauded novel about anti-Semitism.

              Miller is a social dramatist, and his plays deal chiefly with social themes like the one related to the relationship between the individual and the society or the family. He tries to bring out the conflict between the individual and society, and the efforts of the individual to gain 'his rightful position in his society' or his family which forms an important component of society. Miller’s first major success, All My Sons is one of the greatest classics of the American stage. 

              In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Joe and Kate Keller are living a comfortable suburban life. But the Keller’s son Larry, a pilot, is missing in action and for Kate questions about his disappearance just won’t go away. When Ann Deever, his former fiancée, comes to visit, the shadows of the past and its dark secret threaten to destroy their future happiness. All My Sons is a gripping family drama and a searching critique of the American dream.

Far From the Madding Crowd

                 Far From the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy 

        Far From the Madding Crowd comes from Thomas Gray's famous 18th-century poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard": "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learned to stray; Along the cool sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way." By alluding to Gray's poem.

              In novel Gabriel Oak is a small-scale farmer, but his honesty, integrity, and ability win him the respect of all of his neighbors. When he hears that a young woman named Bathsheba Everdene has moved into the neighborhood, he goes out of his way to see her and falls immediately in love. Gabriel is the kind of man who looks only once to know that he has found the right woman. 

               Bathsheba is a good manager, and Weatherbury Farm prospers; but she has her caprices. One of these is to send an anonymous valentine to William Boldwood, a conservative, serious man who is her neighbor. Boldwood is upset by the valentine, especially after he learns that Gabriel recognized Bathsheba’s handwriting. The more Boldwood sees of Bathsheba, however, the more deeply he falls in love with her.

              Bathsheba is attracted to him at once. Gabriel knows enough of Troy’s character to know that he is not the man for Bathsheba, and he tells her so. Not knowing the story of Fanny, Bathsheba is furious at Gabriel’s presumption. 

The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri

The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri

                 Lahiri is barely more than three decades old herself, and won a Pulitzer prize for her short-story collection Interpreter of Maladies. It's easy to see why. She has a talent - magical, sly, cumulative - that most writers would kill for. Peer closely at any single sentence, and nothing about it stands out. But step back and look at the whole and you're knocked out.

                  The Namesake opens, Ashima Ganguli is a young bride who is about to deliver her first child in a hospital in Massachusetts. Her husband, Ashoke, is an engineering student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ashoke had traveled back to Calcutta to find a wife. Ashima, who comes from a traditional Bengali/Indian family, had little choice in the matter. As she prepares to give birth, she realizes how isolated she has become. If she were still in Calcutta, she would have her baby at home, surrounded by all the women in her family who would administer all the proper Bengali ceremonies and would tell her what to expect. 

           Moushumi and Gogol are attracted to one another and eventually are married. However, by the end of their first year of marriage, Moushumi becomes restless. She feels tied down by marriage and begins to regret it. He also feels like a poor substitute for Graham. Eventually, Moushumi has an affair with Dimitri, an old acquaintance, the revelation of which leads to the end of their marriage. With Sonia preparing to marry her fiance, an American named Ben, Gogol is once again alone. He is nonetheless comforted by the fact that Ashoke, prior to his death, finally told his son why he had chosen that name for him. Gogol comes to accept his name and picks up a collection of the Russian

Othello by William Shakespeare

        Along with Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, Othello is one of Shakespeare's four great tragedies and thus a pillar of what most critics take to be the apex of Shakespeare's dramatic art. Othello is unique among Shakespeare's great tragedies. 

       Othello’s villainous ensign Iago plots against Othello and sends Roderigo to tell Senator Brabantio that Othello has seduced Brabantio’s daughter Desdemona.

       After convincing the Senate that he has won Desdemona’s love fair and square, Othello is sent to Cyprus for a military command, new bride in tow.

     Iago plants a handkerchief that Othello gave to Desdemona on Cassio, the man who received the promotion Iago wanted, and convinces Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair.

       Iago convinces Roderigo to make an attempt on Cassio’s life, and when it only maims him, frames the courtesan Bianca and quietly murders Roderigo.

        In the bed chamber, while Othello ponders Desdemona’s beauty and innocence, she awakens, and Othello commands her to pray before she dies. In spite of her supplications, he suffocates her with a pillow. Emilia enters, and Othello justifies his revenge by claiming the handkerchief as proof of her infidelity. Appalled at this act, Emilia reveals Iago’s guilt. Iago enters, kills Emilia, and is arrested. Othello tries to kill Iago, and despite demands for an explanation, Iago remains silent and is led off. Before Othello is led off, he draws a concealed weapon, stabs himself, and kisses Desdemona as he dies.

Ozymandias BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

Ozymandias

BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

         

       

I met a traveller from an antique land,

Who said—“Two vast and trunkless legs of stone

Stand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,

Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,

And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,

Tell that its sculptor well those passions read

Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,

The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;

And on the pedestal, these words appear:

My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;

Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!

Nothing beside remains. Round the decay

Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare

The lone and level sands stretch far away.”

"Ozymandias" is a fourteen-line, iambic pentameter sonnet. It is not a traditional one, however. Although it is neither a Petrarchan sonnet nor a Shakespearean sonnet, the rhyming scheme and style resemble a Petrarchan sonnet more, particularly with its 8-6 structure rather than 4-4-4-2.

The traveler describes the great work of the sculptor, who was able to capture the king’s “passions” and give meaningful expression to the stone, an otherwise “lifeless thing.” The “mocking hand” in line 8 is that of the sculptor, who had the artistic ability to “mock” the passions of the king. The “heart” is first of all the king’s, which “fed” the sculptor’s passions, and in turn the sculptor’s, sympathetically recapturing the king’s passions in the stone.

The final five lines mock the inscription hammered into the pedestal of the statue. The original inscription read “I am Ozymandias, King of Kings; if anyone wishes to know what I am and where I lie, let him surpass me in some of my exploits.” The idea was that he was too powerful for even the common king to relate to him; even a mighty king should despair at matching his power. That principle may well remain valid, but it is undercut by the plain fact that even an empire is a human creation that will one day pass away. 

Unlike many of his poems, “Ozymandias” does not end on a note of hope. There is no extra stanza or concluding couplet to honor the fleeting joys of knowledge or to hope in human progress. Instead, the traveler has nothing more to say, and the persona draws no conclusions of his own.

The White Tiger

            The White Tiger

              "The White Tiger " tells the story of Balram Halwai.  I am agree with  India represented in the novel The White Tiger. As Adiga says that India is two countries in one ; an India of Light and an India of Darkness. So we can say that The rural or the village is called as Dark India and urban or city is called as the India of Light. Light become a multifaceted symbol of time,  wealth,  and obligations. When Darkness represents the past, poverty, rural India and most importantly locality to family and master.

                 The centre figure  Balram satirizes on the religion and also the makes fun on the God and Goddesses of India. So we can say it is about old morality vs New morality. We can see satirical tone in everything like education, religion, politics, etc. The White Tiger is the discussion of the India caste system highly and lower social classes. The caste system still remains in rural India. 

      

         Balram gives his own breakdown of the caste system in India, describing that it was a

                 ".... clean, well kept orderly Zoo" .

 He tells the story of how India still has a caste system and political as well as economic corruption is still present. So this novel it represents the reality of India. Adiga also taunts on secularism on India where a Muslim change his name as Rampersad in order to get job. Adiga mention the river Ganga that has become a black river. The White Tiger voices funny describing  social injustice of Modern India with balanced humour and fury. In novel the character of Pinky Madam that symblize the Modern women of dark India who has nothing to do with Social,  moral of family values. 

             I believed that Balram’s story is the archetype of all stories of “rages to riches”. For example the movie “Slumdog millionaire” same story like the white tiger. In movie the centre figure Jamal is a poor man and at last he was rich. So in same way in the White Tiger we can say that Jamal and Balram Halwai as a man of ‘rags of riches’. Balram begins life in a poor village but murders his boss and steals a large sum of money to become a self-made entrepreneur. We can also say is referred to persons like Dhirubhai Ambani, Narendra Modi etc... 

            Deconstruction reading of  Adiga's “The white Tiger” Here in this novel we see  that Balaram Halwai's character  that it is the 'autobiography of half-baked Indian’. Because in the novel Arvind Adiga present reality of life or India.Text itself gives hint to deconstruct the text. we can say that the use of language itself the deconstruct the text.

Review on Reluctant Fundamentalist as study of Post Colonial aspects

Views on film “The Reluctant Fundamentalist”

            Novel  “The Reluctant Fundamentalist”  by Mohsin Hamid, directed by Mira Nair This whole story about 9/ 11 attack, a movie about the impact on one man of the Al Qaida attacks and the American reaction to them. "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" follows the transformations of the wide eyed Pakistani Changez Khan, who arrives in the US with great professional ambitions.

                It is a political thriller Dramatic movie. Here Changez Khan  narrates his story, seen in flashback, while meeting in the House in Lahore with American journalist Bobby, and a fairly clear-cut relationship with the American government: he’s seeking information about a kidnapped American. The other meaning of “fundamentalist” refers to Changez’s prior life in the states, where, as a young man, he was paid big bucks to fix broken companies, coolly evaluating — and, if necessary, streamlining — a business’s “fundamentals.”

                     This all things is about power and superiority, here in Changez Khan’s case, he is becoming the part of circumstances, there is also other things that why all wrong things happened with him because belongs to Muslim Community? And so what his fault as Muslim. American look at him as he is part of ‘ Terrorist’ .

TAMASHA

"TAMASHA" is the title itself suggests the central idea of the movie, the beginning of the film shows concept of subplot or we can say that the beginning of movie is itself mentions the Title of the movie. Hindi meaning of Tamasha वह दृश्य जिसके देखने से मनोरंजन हो. The story is about two major characters Ved and Tara.

Tamasha movie tells the story of an individual person who loses his self by living according to the social role expected of him. Ved (Ranbir Kapoor) is in Corsica on a holiday. He meets a cheerful girl named 'Tara' played by Deepika Padukone. The chemistry between Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone is good to watch and should not be missed. Both the actors have done justice and respective roles.

The film’s title too has a suggested of William Shakespearean vocabulary to it. That "All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players." Tamasha " Indian romantic drama" is a film written and directed by Imtiaz Ali. Imtiaz Ali's most of the film about LOVE, and Journey of LIFE. For example his movie "Highway". Same in "Tamasha" ved who discovered his identity of LIFE. The cinematography of Tamasha is fantastic and the best spots of Corsica.

Tamasha is The movie says, we are all unique if we do what we love. The movie is a one-time watch, you will love it if you are a Ranbir-Deepika 's fan.

Northrop Frye: The Archetypes of Literature

The term Archetypes signifies narrative designs, symbols, character, dreams, collective images, myths etc. are in literature. Simply we can say that archetypal it means represented things. For example Paradise Lost in which Apple is a symbol of knowledge. The Archetypal critics find out the symbols and archetypal images which recurrently happen in the literature.

As far as Physics and Nature is concerned hence Frye wants to make endeavor of difference between physics and nature in addition to he adds that an individual can’t have the whole concepts through learning physics while on the other hand he also says that through criticism one cannot accept that he/she does possess all things about criticism.

Here Frye says that criticism can be an organized body of knowledge and he also connects with history and philosophy to convey his ideas so he states that history deals with the action and events while on the other side philosophy deals with the meanings. Therefore literature includes history and philosophy.

The Inductive method of analysis deals with particular to general. So here it    can be applied in Hamlet because if we see it from Micro level then the grave digging scene is observed but if we observe from general view then we can see Hamlet’s love for Ophelia.

The deductive method of analysis deals with the established meaning of work from the general truth to particular truth. So to explain deductive method of analysis here Frye illustrates Music and Painting and furthermore he also conveys that Music and Painting are general branch of literature while Rhythm is essential in both so,

Music: Inductive method

Rhythm: Deductive method

Poem: “Winter the season of Joy”

The spring is here and the sun is bright,

Everyone is playful they are not having anyone’s fright.

I could hear the pretty flowers sing. ………………

Archetypal image is winter and spring which recurrently happens in this poem.